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Öğe Basic Personal Values Underlie and Give Coherence to Political Values: A Cross National Study in 15 Countries(Springer/Plenum Publishers, 2014-12) Başlevent, Cem; Kırmanoglu, HasanDo the political values of the general public form a coherent system? What might be the source of coherence? We view political values as expressions, in the political domain, of more basic personal values. Basic personal values (e.g., security, achievement, benevolence, hedonism) are organized on a circular continuum that reflects their conflicting and compatible motivations. We theorize that this circular motivational structure also gives coherence to political values. We assess this theorizing with data from 15 countries, using eight core political values (e.g., free enterprise, law and order) and ten basic personal values. We specify the underlying basic values expected to promote or oppose each political value. We offer different hypotheses for the 12 non-communist and three post-communist countries studied, where the political context suggests different meanings of a basic or political value. Correlation and regression analyses support almost all hypotheses. Moreover, basic values account for substantially more variance in political values than age, gender, education, and income. Multidimensional scaling analyses demonstrate graphically how the circular motivational continuum of basic personal values structures relations among core political values. This study strengthens the assumption that individual differences in basic personal values play a critical role in political thought.Öğe Basic Values, Ideological Self-Placement, and Voting: A Cross-Cultural Study(SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC, 2017-10) Kirmanoğlu, Hasan; Başlevent, CemThe current study examines the contribution of left-right (or liberal-conservative) ideology to voting, as well as the extent to which basic values account for ideological orientation. Analyses were conducted in 16 countries from five continents (Europe, North America, South America, Asia, and Oceania), most of which have been neglected by previous studies. Results showed that left-right (or liberal-conservative) ideology predicted voting in all countries except Ukraine. Basic values exerted a considerable effect in predicting ideology in most countries, especially in established democracies such as Australia, Finland, Italy, United Kingdom, and Germany. Pattern of relations with the whole set of 10 values revealed that the critical trade-off underlying ideology is between values concerned with tolerance and protection for the welfare of all people (universalism) versus values concerned with preserving the social order and status quo (security). A noteworthy exception was found in European postcommunist countries, where relations of values with ideology were small (Poland) or near to zero (Ukraine, Slovakia).Öğe İNSAAT SEKTÖRÜ İSTİHDAMINDAKİ TEMEL ÖRÜNTÜLER: KAYITDIŞILIK NASIL AZALTILABİLİR?(Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu Vakfı, 2016) Başlevent, Cemİnşaat sektörü, son yıllarda Türkiye ekonomisinin gidişatına dair yapılan tartışmalarda en sık bahsi geçen sektörlerin belki de birincisidir. Sanayi üretim ve istihdamındaki artısın mütevazı boyutlarda olduğu bir ortamda, inşaat sektörünün ekonomik büyümeye katkısı ve bu katkının sürdürülebilirliği sorgulanmaktadır. Mayıs 2014’te yayınlanan Ulusal İstihdam Stratejisi’nin somut hedefleri arasında 2023 yılında inşaat sektöründeki istihdamın (10 yıl öncesine göre) yüzde 160 oranında arttırılması ve kayıtdışı istihdamın yüzde 50 oranında azaltılması da yer almaktadır. Yine 2023 yılında, inşaat sektörü çalışanlarının yüzde 30’unun mesleki yeterlilik sertifikasına sahip hale getirilmesi hedeflenmektedir. İnşaat sektöründe kayıt dışılığın azaltılması Onuncu Kalkınma Planı kapsamındaki Kayıt Dışı Ekonominin Azaltılması Programı Eylem Planı’nda da hedeflenmiştir. Bu çalışmada öncelikli olarak TÜİK’in 2016 yılı Hanehalkı İşgücü Araştırması’na ait mikro veriler kullanılarak inşaat sektörü çalışanlarının profili ve sektördeki kayıt dışılığın boyutları ortaya konmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında kayıt dışılığın nedenleri ele alınmakta ve sektörde kayıtdışı istihdamı azaltıcı önerilere yer verilmektedir.|In recent years, many debates about the health of the Turkish economy have centered on the construction sector. During a period in which only modest increases have been attained in overall industrial production and employment, the sustainability of construction’s role as a major driver of economic growth has been questioned. Regarding employment in this industry, Turkish government strategy documents and development plans have set ambitious targets for its level of employment, as well as for its rate of unregistered employment and its proportion of workers having vocational qualification certificates. The current study makes use of microdata from an official survey by TURKSTAT to present the basic features of the Turkish construction sector’s employment profile, with an emphasis on the relationship between employee characteristics and informality. In light of the observed patterns, the reasons for the high rate of informality are discussed and suggestions are offered for the reduction of unregistered employment in the sector.Öğe Inter-party vote movements in Turkey: The sources of AKP votes in 2007(Bilgesel Yayincilik San & Tic Ltd, 2009-12) Başlevent, Cem; Akarca, Ali T.Using data drawn from a nationwide voter tendencies survey conducted shortly before the July 2007 parliamentary election in Turkey, inter-party vote movements during the 2002-2007 period are investigated with the Justice and Development Party (AKP) as the focal point. A descriptive analysis relying on two and four-way partitions of the data set reveals that, in comparison to the relatively small group of 'deserters' from the party, the 'newcomers' to the AKP are younger more female, more satisfied with the performance of the economy, and more likely to be pro-EU membership. The data also show that AKP supporters are less educated and less concerned about the threats to secularism than the rest of the voters. The key finding of the econometric work is that economic evaluations - especially retrospective ones - have a strong association with the party choice in the 2007 elections.Öğe Persistence in regional voting patterns in Turkey during a period of major political realignment(2011-04) Başlevent, CemUsing province-level data from five nationwide elections held during the past decade, we examine the main voting patterns in Turkey. By means of cluster analysis, we classify the 81 provinces according to vote shares of the major parties and independent candidates, and repeat this exercise for each election held between 1999 and 2009. We find that three-way and five-way partitions of the country adequately capture the main political cleavages in Turkey. Although the conservative right-wing parties receive a plurality of votes in all regions of the three-way partition, they receive significant challenge from left-wing and Turkish nationalist parties in the west and from the Kurdish nationalist parties in the east. In addition to these patterns, the five-way partition brings out shifts in the relative strength of the parties within each main division. Our results also show that, despite the major political realignment that occurred during the period under examination, the groupings of provinces remain mainly unchanged. Therefore, we construct 'composite clusters' by classifying provinces in the group in which they appear the majority of the time. The distinct socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the composite clusters suggest that differences in social and economic structures lie at the root of differing regional political tendencies and their persistence. © The Author(s) 2011.Öğe Social Transfers and Income Inequality in Turkey: How Informative Is the Survey of Income and Living Conditions?(Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu Vakfı, 2014) Başlevent, CemThe main purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the difficulties in determining the extent to which social transfers have an impact on income inequality in Turkey. Given the socio-economic and political importance of the issue, an examination of the redistributive impact of pensions and socialassistance programs in Turkey could indeed be an enlightening exercise. Unfortunately, some data inadequacies limit our ability to provide a reliable answer to the research question. The currently available micro data set drawn from the Survey of Income and Living Conditions (SILC) identifies the amounts of various types of income received by individuals or—in some cases—households, and we find that social assistance and disability benefits do alleviate income inequality. However, the actual redistributive effect of what is generally agreed upon as “social assistance” in the Turkish context is probably quite larger than our findings suggest. The reason is that certain types of social benefits are lumped together in the SILC with other income types, while others—including health-insurance premiums paid by the state on behalf of poor households—are not recorded at all. The redistributive impact of pension payments and unemployment benefits does not appear to be very large, since especially the latter are received mainly by individuals who are outside the lower end of the income distribution.|The main purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the difficulties in determining the extent to which social transfers have an impact on income inequality in Turkey. Given the socio-economic and political importance of the issue, an examination of the redistributive impact of pensions and socialassistance programs in Turkey could indeed be an enlightening exercise. Unfortunately, some data inadequacies limit our ability to provide a reliable answer to the research question. The currently available micro data set drawn from the Survey of Income and Living Conditions (SILC) identifies the amounts of various types of income received by individuals or—in some cases—households, and we find that social assistance and disability benefits do alleviate income inequality. However, the actual redistributive effect of what is generally agreed upon as “social assistance” in the Turkish context is probably quite larger than our findings suggest. The reason is that certain types of social benefits are lumped together in the SILC with other income types, while others—including health-insurance premiums paid by the state on behalf of poor households—are not recorded at all. The redistributive impact of pension payments and unemployment benefits does not appear to be very large, since especially the latter are received mainly by individuals who are outside the lower end of the income distribution.Öğe The Contribution of Religiosity to Ideology: Empirical Evidences From Five Continents(SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC, 2018-12-01) Kirmanoğlu, Hasan; Başlevent, CemThe current study examines the extent to which religiosity account for ideological orientations in 16 countries from five continents (Australia, Brazil, Chile, Germany, Greece, Finland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States). Results showed that religiosity was consistently related to right and conservative ideologies in all countries, except Australia. This relation held across different religions, and did not vary across participant's demographic conditions (i.e., gender, age, income, and education). After controlling for basic personal values, the contribution of religiosity on ideology was still significant. However, the effect was substantial only in countries where religion has played a prominent role in the public sphere, such as Spain, Poland, Greece, Italy, Slovakia, and Turkey. In the other countries, the unique contribution of religiosity was marginal or small.Öğe The region-of-origin effect on voting behavior: The case of Turkey's internal migrants(Bilgesel Yayincilik San & Tic Ltd, 2010-12) Başlevent, Cem; Akarca, Ali T.In this paper the relative importance of the origins and destinations of Turkey's internal migrants on their voting behavior is examined. By using a pre-election survey from 2007, it is first demonstrated that migrants vote differently than non-migrants. Then province-level election data is brought into the analysis to determine whether migrants political tendencies are associated more with the voting patterns prevailing in their host provinces or the provinces they are originally from. According to the results of the econometric models estimated, a positive and significant 'origin' effect exists Jar most migrants, but a significant 'destination' effect is lacking. The origin effect estimate implies that if the vote share of a party exceeds its nationwide average by 10 percentage points in a given province, then the probability that this party will be chosen fry a migrant born in that province increases by about 5 percentage points. This finding is attributed to continued cultural and economic ties of the migrants with their origins and with fellow migrants from their hometowns at their destinations.Öğe The Work-Life Conflict and Well-Being of Turkish Employees(Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu Vakfı, 2014) Başlevent, CemUsing data drawn from the 2004 European Social Survey, we examine the determinants of the life satisfaction of employees in Turkey. The data reveal that the majority of Turkish wage and salary earners are either under- or overemployed. About half of Turkish workers have to work longer than they desire, so, unsurprisingly, the share of workers who say they are pleased with their work schedules is only 22%. Gender turns out to be closely linked with the hours-mismatch status, as the level of over-employment is eight percentage points higher among female workers than male. Ordered probit-model estimates reveal that over-employment (measured as the difference in the actual and preferred weekly number of hours) has a negative impact on wellbeing. We failed to turn up a statistically significant finding for underemployment, which we attribute to the small sample size. We also find no statistically meaningful difference in the impact on male versus female employees of the work-hours mismatch. This suggests that the gender differences that would have been expected in this context are already incorporated into the respondents' subjectively determined desired hours of work. In addition, we find that family-to-work conflict is less common, but has a larger impact on well-being than work-to-family conflict.|Using data drawn from the 2004 European Social Survey, we examine the determinants of the life satisfaction of employees in Turkey. The data reveal that the majority of Turkish wage and salary earners are either under- or overemployed. About half of Turkish workers have to work longer than they desire, so, unsurprisingly, the share of workers who say they are pleased with their work schedules is only 22%. Gender turns out to be closely linked with the hours-mismatch status, as the level of over-employment is eight percentage points higher among female workers than male. Ordered probit-model estimates reveal that over-employment (measured as the difference in the actual and preferred weekly number of hours) has a negative impact on wellbeing. We failed to turn up a statistically significant finding for underemployment, which we attribute to the small sample size. We also find no statistically meaningful difference in the impact on male versus female employees of the work-hours mismatch. This suggests that the gender differences that would have been expected in this context are already incorporated into the respondents' subjectively determined desired hours of work. In addition, we find that family-to-work conflict is less common, but has a larger impact on well-being than work-to-family conflict.Öğe Türkiye’nin Değişen Hanehalkı Yapısı: Tek Kişilik Haneler Ne Durumda?(Yildiz Technical University, 2020) Başlevent, CemBu makalede Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu’nun yayınladığı veriler kullanılarak Türkiye’de 2006 yılından bu yana hanehalkı yapısında yaşanan değişim gözlemlenmekte ve bu değişimin konut talebinde ve işgücüne katılımda artış ve gelir dağılımında bozulma gibi olası ekonomik etkilerine dair bir yazın taramasına yer verilmektedir. Farklı yapılara sahip hanehalkları yaygınlık ve gelir düzeyi bakımından karşılaştırıldığında, ortalama hanehalkı büyüklüğündeki azalmayla tutarlı olarak, tek kişilik hanehalklarının sayısının zaman içinde hızla arttığı, ancak bu artışa bu tip hanelerin gelir durumlarındaki – en az iki yetişkinin olduğu, bağımlı çocuksuz hanelere nazaran – gerilemenin eşlik ettiği görülmektedir. Bu trendin nedenini daha iyi anlayabilmek için tek kişilik hanelere odaklanan ve Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Araştırması’na ait mikro verileri kullanan bir ampirik çalışma yapılmaktadır. Tek başına yaşayanların yaş dağılımı, bu tip hanelerde yoğunlaşmanın erkeklerde 30 yaş civarında, kadınlarda ise 70 yaş civarında olduğunu göstermektedir. Çoklu regresyon sonuçlarına göre, cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim düzeyi ve medeni durum gibi değişkenler tek kişilik hanehalklarının toplam gelirlerinin belirleyicileri arasında bulunmaktadır.|This paper includes an examination of the recent changes in household structure in Turkey as well as a literature review on the potential economic consequences of such changes, including those on the demand for housing, labor force participation, and the income distribution. When different types of households are examined - using figures published by annually by TurkStat - in terms of their prevalence and their average income levels, we obtain results that are consistent with the considerable decline in the average household size in Turkey. While there has been a rapid increase in the share of single-person households since 2006, their well-being – in comparison to multiple-adult households with no dependent children – has worsened. In order to better understand the reasons for this trend, we conduct an empirical analysis using micro data from TurkStat’s Survey of Income and Living Conditions. The age distributionof those in single-person households turns out to differ substantially with gender. Males are concentrated around the age of 30, while the average age of females is near 70. According to multiple regression results, gender, age, level of education, and marital status are among the significant determinants of the annual incomes of single-person households. The change in the composition of single-person households with respect to these variables seems to have been responsible for the decline in their relative economic well-being.
