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Öğe A 45° tilted 3D-printed scanner for compact side-view laser scanning endoscopy(Springer Heidelberg, 2020) Savas, Janset; Altinsoy, Melisa; Gokdel, Yigit Daghan; Ferhanoglu, Onur; Civitci, FehmiSide viewing, miniaturized laser scanning endoscopes are powerful tools in providing sub-cellular level resolution and multi-layered imaging of the walls of body cavities. Yet, the level of miniaturization for such devices is significantly hampered by the necessity for 45 degrees placement of the whole scanner unit with respect to the cavity axis. With its rapid and low-cost production capability, 3D printing can be employed in addressing the challenge of producing a laser scanner, whose scanning head makes 45 degrees, or any desired angle, with the scanner unit. Producing a 10 x 10 mm(2) scanner device with tilted scan head (as opposed to the conventional design with identical size) enabled size shrinkage of a near fully 3D-printed laser scanning imager by x 1.5 in diameter (from 17 to 11 mm). We also share the initial results on 5 x 5 mm(2) total die size scanners, having literally identical die size with their MEMS counterparts, and discuss the road steps in producing < 8-mm diameter laser scanning devices with these scanners using 3D printing technology. The frame-rate improvement strategies are discussed in detail. Furthermore overall resolution and frame-rate values that can be achieved with the presented 3D printed scanners are tabulated and compared to MEMS counterparts. Overall with their low cost, easy and rapid fabrication, 3D printed actuators are great candidates for opto-medical imaging applications.Öğe Reliability of 3D-Printed Dynamic Scanners(IEEE, 2017) Gonultas, Burak Mert; Aygun, Sacid; Khayatzadeh, Ramin; Civitci, Fehmi; Gokdel, Yigit Daghan; Yelten, Mustafa Berke; Ferhanoglu, Onur3D-printed dynamic structures have arisen as a lower cost and easier to fabricate alternative to miniaturized sensor and actuator technologies. Here, we investigate the reliability of a selected 3D-printed laser scanner, which was initially designed for miniaturized confocal imaging, having 1 x 1 cm' footprint. The scan-line, 1 resonant frequency and quality factor of 3 devices were monitored for 100,000,000 (hundred million) cycles, and an average deviation of <6% was observed for all three parameters under investigation, for the devices under test. We conclude that 3D printed dynamic structures are promising candidates for a variety of applications, including optomedical imaging applications that demand disposable and low-cost scanning technologies.Öğe Reliability Testing of 3D-Printed Electromechanical Scanning Devices(Springer, 2018) Gonultas, B. Mert; Savas, Janset; Khayatzadeh, Ramin; Aygun, Sacid; Civitci, Fehmi; Gokdel, Y. Daghan; Berke Yelten, M.Recent advances in the field of stereolithography based manufacturing, have led to a number of 3D-printed sensor and actuator devices, as a cost-effective and low fabrication complexity alternative to micro-electro-mechanical counterparts. Yet the reliability of such 3D-printed dynamic structures have yet to be explored. Here we perform reliability tests and analysis of a selected 3D-printed actuator, namely an electromechanical scanner. The scanner is targeted towards scanning incoming light onto the target, which is particularly useful for barcoding, display, and opto-medical tissue imaging applications. We monitor the deviations in the fundamental mechanical resonance, scan-line, and the quality factor on a number of scanners having different device thicknesses, for a total duration of 5 days (corresponding to 20-80 million cycles, depending on the device operating frequency). A total of 9 scanning devices, having 10 mm x 10 mm die size were tested, with a highlight on device-device variability, as well as the effect of device thickness itself. An average standard deviation of < similar to%10 (with respect to the mean) was observed for all tested parameters among scanners of the same type (an indicator device to device variability), while an average standard deviation of less than about 10 percent (with respect to the mean) was observed for all parameters for the duration of the entire test (as an indicator of device reliability), for a total optical scan angle of 5 degrees.Öğe Toward fully three-dimensional-printed miniaturized confocal imager(Spie-Soc Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 2018) Savas, Janset; Khayatzadeh, Ramin; Civitci, Fehmi; Gokdel, Yigit Dakhan; Ferhanoglu, OnurWe present a disposable miniaturized confocal imager, consisting mostly of three-dimensional (3-D)-printed components. A 3-D printed laser scanner with 10x10 mm(2) frame size is employed for Lissajous scan, with 180 and 315 Hz frequencies in orthogonal directions corresponding to +/- 8 deg and +/- 4 deg optical scan angles, respectively. The actuation is done electromagnetically via a magnet attached to the scanner and an external coil. A miniaturized lens with 6-mm clear aperture and 10-mm focal length is 3-D printed and post-processed to obtain desired (<=lambda/5 surface roughness) performance. All components are press-fitted into a 3-D-printed housing having 17 mm width, which is comparable to many of the MEMS-based scanning imagers. Finally, line-scan from a resolution target and two-dimensional scanning in the sample location were demonstrated with the integrated device. (C) 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)Öğe Towards 3D printed confocal endoscopy(Spie-Int Soc Optical Engineering, 2016) Savas, Janset; Caliskan, Ahmet; Civitci, Fehmi; Gokdel, Yigit Daghan; Ferhanoglu, OnurA low-cost confocal endoscope was developed consisting of a 3D printed laser scanner, a lens, and a housing. The developed tool, mainly made out of low cost polymer offers a disposable use. The scanner unit is overall 10x10mm and electromagnetically actuated in 2-dimensions using a magnet that is attached to the 3D printed scanner and an external miniaturized coil. Using 3D printer's fabrication advantages the first two vibration modes of the scanner were tailored as out-of-plane displacement and torsion. The scanner employs lissajous scan, with 190 Hz and 340 Hz scan frequencies in the orthogonal directions and we were able to achieve +/- 5 degrees scan angles, respectively, with similar to 100 mA drive current. The lens which has 6-mm diameter and 10-mm focal length is 3D printed with Veroclear material and then polished in order to reach optical quality surface. Profilometer (Dektak) measurements indicate only x2 increase in rms roughness, with respect to a commercial glass lens having identical size and focal length.
