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    Ecology of Peace
    (Mit Press, 2014) Britto, Pia R.; Gordon, Ilanit; Hodges, William; Sunar, Diane; Kagitcibasi, Cigdem; Leckman, James F.
    Peace is a state of being that encompasses harmonious international as well as intra- and interpersonal relationships, directly impacting an individual's safety and prosperity. For an individual, peace is a positive state of mind conditioned by our histories and context. The concept ecology of peace is introduced to capture these vast interconnected ecosystems that extend from our internal biology to our subjective sense of self (i.e., our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors) to the environments in which we live. It is our thesis that positive, stimulating, and harmonious early childhoods can contribute to peace and human security, and that early-life interventions have transformative power which may help lay the foundations for conflict resolution and peace in future generations. As such, we posit that these interventions can contribute to peacebuilding (actions that promote sustainable peace by supporting the prosocial skills needed for peace) as well as peacemaking through the enhancement of positive reciprocal communication within families, communities, and nations. This chapter reviews (a) neurobiological foundations of peace, including genetic, epigenetic, hormonal, developmental, and social factors that shape young brains; (b) the importance of parenting and early learning for peacebuilding; and (c) the place that early childhood can play in bridging the gap between peacebuilding and peacemaking. Evidence from available developmental neurobiology as well as social and economic studies suggests that change in favor of peace can be initiated not only from the top down, through official policies and agencies, but also from the bottom up, by supporting the physical, emotional, and social development of children and the well-being of their families and communities.
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    Human Biological Development and Peace Genes, Brains, Safety, and Justice
    (Mit Press, 2014) Morgan, Barak; Sunar, Diane; Carter, C. Sue; Leckman, James F.; Fry, Douglas P.; Keverne, Eric B.; Kolassa, Iris-Tatjana
    This chapter examines the concept of peace from a biopsychosocial perspective. It reviews available knowledge concerning gene-environment regulatory interactions and their consequences for neurodevelopment, particularly during sensitive periods early in life. The hypothesis is explored that efforts on the part of parents to protect, nurture, and stimulate their children can lead to physically, psychologically, and socially healthier developmental trajectories and support the emergence of more peaceful families and communities. It is clear, however, that adverse environments, as in the context of structural violence, may result in lower parental investment in child rearing and negative outcomes for social harmony and health over the course of life. More research is thus needed to understand more fully the potential positive impact that interventions aimed at encouraging families to increase their investment in early child development will have on societal peace. The role of groups in shaping human behavior toward conflict or conflict resolution and peace is examined. Further research is needed to increase current understanding on the neurobiology of groups. In addition, steps need to be taken across multiple sectors of society to reduce all forms of direct and structural violence, as this will surely lead to better parenting behaviors, better childhood trajectories, and a model of fairness to guide interactions between groups.