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    A comparative study of neural machine translation models for Turkish language
    (Ios Press, 2022) Ozdemir, Ozgur; Akin, Emre Salih; Velioglu, Riza; Dalyan, Tugba
    Machine translation (MT) is an important challenge in the fields of Computational Linguistics. In this study, we conducted neural machine translation (NMT) experiments on two different architectures. First, Sequence to Sequence (Seq2Seq) architecture along with a variation that utilizes attention mechanism is performed on translation task. Second, an architecture that is fully based on the self-attention mechanism, namely Transformer, is employed to perform a comprehensive comparison. Besides, the contribution of employing Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) and Gumbel Softmax distributions are examined for both architectures. The experiments are conducted on two different datasets: TED Talks that is one of the popular benchmark datasets for NMT especially among morphologically rich languages like Turkish and WMT18 News dataset that is provided by The Third Conference on Machine Translation (WMT) for shared tasks on various aspects of machine translation. The evaluation of Turkish-to-English translations' results demonstrate that the Transformer model with combination of BPE and Gumbel Softmax achieved 22.4 BLEU score on TED Talks and 38.7 BLUE score on WMT18 News dataset. The empirical results support that using Gumbel Softmax distribution improves the quality of translations for both architectures.
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    Corporate social responsibility and idiosyncratic risk in the restaurant industry: does brand diversification matter?
    (Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2020) Ozdemir, Ozgur; Erkmen, Ezgi; Kim, Minji
    Purpose This study aims to examine the link between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and idiosyncratic risk in the restaurant industry. The study also explores whether brand diversification magnifies the risk reduction effect of CSR in the restaurant industry. Design/methodology/approach The study uses an unbalanced panel of 274 firm-year observations for 43 restaurant firms over the period 1995-2015. Models are estimated via fixed effect regression with robust standard errors. Findings The study finds that CSR involvement reduces idiosyncratic risk and this risk reduction is intensified when restaurant firms operate a portfolio of brands. Research limitations/implications The study's findings are limited to restaurant industry, therefore, generalization of the findings to other industries requires delicate care. Brand diversification is a simple brand count due to a lack of brand sales data. Practical implications CSR activities are not cost burden for restaurant firms. Indeed, CSR could be a viable strategy to reduce the volatility in future expected cash flows, hence the idiosyncratic risk. This risk reduction could help owners/managers access to capital with lower cost. Moreover, the study suggests that CSR practices should not be implemented in isolation from firm marketing strategy such as portfolio of brands. Originality/value Although prior hospitality research puts forth some evidence using systematic risk as the measure of firm risk, this measure may not best suit the purpose in CSR context given that CSR is a direct, firm-specific strategy. Hence, the current study provides both new evidence with firm-specific, idiosyncratic risk and introduces an important contingency situation when the risk reduction effect of CSR would become more profound for restaurant firms.